Inverse modeling is a class of computational and statistical methods that infer unknown model parameters, inputs, or system states from observed outputs, given a forward model that maps parameters to ...

Data assimilation is an important mathematical discipline in earth sciences, particularly in numerical weather prediction (NWP). However, conventional data assimilation methods require significant ...

Spider plot of one- and 10-day forecast (A) RMSE and (B) bias for YHGO and GLO12V4, normalized by the maximum value for each metric. Over 70% of the Earth is covered by oceans. Altogether, the Earth’s ...